Contingency Capacity Strategies to Mitigate Staffing Shortages – When staffing shortages are anticipated, healthcare facilities and employers, in collaboration with human resources and occupational health services, should use contingency capacity strategies to plan and prepare for mitigating this problem.
- Cancel all non-essential procedures and visits. Shift HCP who work in these areas to support other patient care activities in the facility. Facilities will need to ensure these HCP have received appropriate orientation and training to work in these areas that are new to them.
- Attempt to address social factors that might prevent HCP from reporting to work, such as need for transportation or housing that allows for physical distancing, particularly if HCP live with individuals with underlying medical conditions or older adults.
- Consider that these social factors disproportionately affect persons from some racial and ethnic groups, who are also disproportionally affected by COVID-19 (e.g., African Americans, Hispanics and Latinos, and American Indians and Alaska Natives).
- Identify additional HCP to work in the facility. Be aware of state-specific emergency waivers or changes to licensure requirements or renewals for select categories of HCP.
- As appropriate, request that HCP postpone elective time off from work. However, there should be consideration for the mental health benefits of time off and that care-taking responsibilities may differ substantially among staff.
- Developing regional plans to identify designated healthcare facilities or alternate care sites with adequate staffing to care for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
- Allowing HCP with SARS-CoV-2 infection who are well enough and willing to work to return to work as follows:
- HCP with who are not :
- At least 5 days have passed since symptoms first appeared (day 0), and
- At least 24 hours have passed since last fever without the use of fever-reducing medications, and
- Symptoms (e.g., cough, shortness of breath) have improved.
Healthcare facilities may choose to confirm resolution of infection with a negative nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) or a series of 2 negative antigen tests taken 48 hours apart*. HCP who were asymptomatic throughout their infection and are not :
At least 5 days have passed since the date of their first positive viral test (day 0).
Healthcare facilities may choose to confirm resolution of infection with a negative NAAT (molecular) or a series of 2 negative antigen tests taken 48 hours apart*. * Some people may be beyond the period of expected infectiousness but remain NAAT positive for an extended period.
- Considerations for determining which HCP should be prioritized for this option include:
- The type of HCP shortages that need to be addressed.
- The types of symptoms they are experiencing (e.g., persistent fever, cough).
- Their degree of interaction with patients and other HCP in the facility. For example, are they working in telemedicine services, providing direct patient care, or working in a satellite unit reprocessing medical equipment?
- The type of patients they care for (e.g., consider patient care only with patients known or suspected to have SARS-CoV-2 infection rather than patients who are immunocompromised).
- If HCP are requested to return to work before meeting all conventional, they should still adhere to the recommendations described below.
- They should self-monitor for symptoms and seek re-evaluation from occupational health if symptoms recur or worsen.
- Until they meet the conventional return to work criteria:
- They should wear a respirator or well-fitting facemask at all times, even when they are in non-patient care areas such as breakrooms.
- If they must remove their respirator or well-fitting facemask, for example, in order to eat or drink, they should separate themselves from others.
- To the extent possible, they should practice physical distancing from others.
- Patients (if tolerated) should wear while interacting with these HCP.
What are the problems with short staffing?
3. Understaffing Increases Risk of Accidents – Lastly, chronically understaffed companies can also lead to higher incidences of workplace accidents, As individual workers in an understaffed facility put in extra hours, over-tiredness, high stress levels, and physical exhaustion will likely set in.
Why is there a shortage of healthcare workers UK?
What’s Causing The Shortage of Healthcare Staff? – A few factors are contributing to the shortage of healthcare staff.
The Pandemic – Most figures indicate that there were already staff shortages even before the pandemic begun. But Covid-19 compounded things, leading to an immense backlog of care, There may simply be more patients and more procedures than the workforce can manage. Working conditions – Low pay, high pressure, and burnout from heavy workloads is causing many healthcare workers to quit. This is also why UK healthcare has seen industrial action in late 2022 and early 2023. Recruitment – Regular news stories about the dire conditions healthcare workers face may discourage many from starting a career in healthcare, Brexit also contributed to a substantial drop in healthcare workers coming to the UK from EU countries. Policies and Management – The government removed the nursing bursary in 2015. The Royal College of Nursing claim this was a key reason why nurse numbers dropped in the years leading up to the pandemic. Though the government would later partially reverse this policy, the damage may already be done.
What is staff shortage?
What is a staffing shortage? – A staffing shortage occurs when there is a lack of employees within an industry. Healthcare often sees staffing shortages for physicians and nurses, As more people in the U.S. age, there will be a need for more healthcare providers to provide care.
How do you deal with a shortage of supply?
1. Monitor Your Stock and Increase It Whenever Possible – Monitoring your stock is essential even with a working supply chain. Doing so enables you to manage your costs effectively and ensure you meet your customer’s demands. When dealing with supply chain shortages or logistics issues, the need for inventory tracking increases for planning and prioritization purposes.
- When you monitor your inventory, you know what is available and what you need to replenish.
- During a shortage, you can prioritize more popular products and ensure they are available.
- It may be difficult to stock the items when they run out.
- Additionally, utilize every opportunity to increase your inventory.
The more stock you have, the longer you can continue normal business operations during a shortage. Look out for discounts to cut costs on your purchases, and buy as much as possible whenever a popular item becomes available. On the same note, reduce waste to have more space for inventory through measures like reusing and proper resource management.
Why are nurses leaving NHS?
NHS crisis: Why are so many staff leaving the health service? In the 24 years Linda Tovey has worked for the NHS, she has never seen the health service so short of staff. “You’re just not doing the job you signed up for – it’s not possible,” the 49-year-old critical care nurse told Sky News.
For the last two years, nurses like Linda have been leaving the health service in record numbers, in part due to the pressures of manning a healthcare system with 133,000 vacant posts. Those that remain are left to pick up the slack. “You can’t do anything the way you’d want to do it,” Linda says. “It’s difficult to say for sure, but there are probably more errors.
The idea that it’s less safe for patients causes a huge amount of stress.” Data from NHS Digital shows that 15,000 nurses resigned from the health service in the year to March 2022, with 4,000 citing work-life balance as their reason for leaving. It’s not just nurses – staff across the NHS are now three times more likely to quit due to issues of work-life balance than they were a decade ago, complicating the health service’s efforts to plug vacancies, expand capacity and bring down waiting lists. The strain on NHS staff is also evident in the growing number taking time off for mental health reasons. In September 2022, nearly half a million working days were lost to anxiety, stress, or depression-related absences. That’s equivalent to one in every 80 working days, a 56% increase since 2015.
- On any given day that month, one in every 42 ambulance support staff were absent for mental health reasons, along with one in every 52 midwives.
- For doctors in their second foundation year, their first year with a full licence to practice, mental health absences have more than tripled since 2015.
- One NHS worker feeling the strain is Kafeelat Adekunle, a 57-year-old community matron.
“If we had enough nurses and they were paid well, no one would be getting stretched or broken,” she said. “People wouldn’t be falling sick all the time and leaving the profession.” A recent report by the Institute for Fiscal Studies found that nurses and midwives who took at least three days off for mental health were 27% more likely to have left the NHS altogether three months later.
For consultants, the figure was 58%. It’s not just burnout that’s causing staff to leave. Sky News found that a rise in relocation-related resignations cost the NHS nearly 3,000 staff last year. We don’t know exactly where these staff are relocating to, but data from the General Medical Council (GMC) suggests that many doctors are moving overseas.
Last year, the GMC issued 6,950 certificates of the type typically requested by doctors looking to move abroad. Data from previous years suggests that around half of these doctors are likely to cease practicing in the UK within nine years. “There’s definitely been a movement of EU nurses back to the EU,” says Linda Tovey. Image: Protesters on the picket line outside University College Hospital in London as nurses took industrial action over pay in January
- A decade of real-terms pay cuts
- Without an increase in wages, nurses will be paid 10% less in real terms this year than they were in 2010, and consultants 15% less.
“It’s not that doctors in this country are particularly poorly paid compared to other workers,” says Billy Palmer, an expert in NHS workforce issues at the Nuffield Trust, a think tank. “It’s that compared to some high-profile English-speaking countries we lose out.
So, it could be quite tempting to go to the US or Australia because you could earn significantly more.” In 2010, a UK medical specialist moving to South Korea would typically see their income fall (in terms of purchasing power) by around 5%, according to OECD data. As of 2020, by contrast, they can expect a pay rise of 25%.
Similarly, a nurse moving to Iceland would previously have taken a 13% pay cut, but is now likely to see a 43% bump to their salary. Kafeelat Adekunle is among the NHS nurses considering a change of scenery. “I’m a fighter,” she laughs, “but if anything comes up tomorrow I’m ready to go. Image: Kafeelat Adekunle, a 57-year-old community matron, says she could earn double her salary if she moved to America The same dynamic is likely to play into foreign healthcare workers’ decisions about relocating to the UK. In 2010, a nurse coming to the UK from Slovenia could expect a 37% boost to their living standards.
As of 2020, they would earn 4% more by staying put. “The international nurses – their expectations are always very high,” says Kafeelat. “They’ve given all their savings to escape but now they’re earning less, comparably, because of what they have to spend here. It’s a shock. “One nurse I know has already gone back to Nigeria – she couldn’t cope anymore.
I think it was a big shock for her, because she thought she would earn to save. But in this country, you know, you earn to pay your bills.”
- Fewer EU staff are coming to the UK
- A recent study by the Nuffield Trust found that the number of European health workers moving to the UK has declined steeply since the 2016 Brexit referendum.
- Martha McCarey, one of the report’s authors, says both pay and a tightening of immigration rules for EU staff are likely to have played a role.
“There’s lots of reasons people would want to come to the UK – they might be paid better here than elsewhere, or they’re provided with the training opportunities they couldn’t have at home. With the current situation, getting better working conditions or pay here might be a less realistic prospect.”
- The UK recruited 27,000 fewer European nurses during the last four years than it did during the four years before the 2016 Brexit referendum.
- Recruitment for nurses from other countries has increased by 53,000 – more than making up the difference.
For particular types of doctor, however, that surge in non-European recruitment never happened. In the six years before the EU referendum, for instance, the number of registered surgeons from outside the European Economic Area (EEA) rose by 861. In the six years since, it has risen by just 726.
The UK relies far more on foreign recruits to staff its health service than other countries. As of 2020, a third of doctors in the UK were trained abroad (32%) – more than double the OECD average of 13%. For nurses the UK is even more of an outlier, sourcing 18% of its staff from abroad compared to an international average of less than 4%.
- This could become more of an issue over the coming years, says Martha McCarey, as international competition for doctors and nurses increases.
- The World Health Organisation estimates that there will be a global shortage of 18 million healthcare workers by 2030.
- The UK’s dependence on foreign staff is also potentially one reason behind the NHS’s retention issues.
A recent report by the Institute for Fiscal Studies found that, compared to those trained in the UK, EU-trained consultants were 23% more likely to leave the acute sector in any given month. For those from outside the EU, the difference was 56%. Growing competition with the private sector It’s not just other countries that the NHS is competing with for staff, but other sectors within the UK.
- That gap has widened in the last two years, as private-sector employers raised wages to combat their own labour shortages.
- Even higher-paying roles, like GPs and specialists, are now facing increased competition from the private sector.
“The feedback you get from junior doctors is that it’s pretty toxic working in the NHS at the moment,” says Billy Palmer of the Nuffield Trust. “Feeling valued is important, and a key way people feel valued is through pay. It’s not surprising that people are looking at what other career routes they’ve got.”
Image: Health and Social Care Secretary Steve Barclay talks to staff during a visit to Kingston Hospital in south west London
- A “leaky” recruitment pipeline
- The government has responded to workforce shortages in part by expanding the number of medical school places, with four new medical schools created between 2019 and 2020.
- The increase in medical students has not, however, been matched by a similar increase in training posts, making it harder and harder for trainee doctors to progress.
In 2018, for instance, there were 22,400 applications for 12,400 specialist training posts. By 2022, an increase in the number of medical students meant that the number of applications ballooned to 36,600. The number of posts available, however, shrank to just 12,100.
As a result, two in every three applications were rejected (67%) – up from less than half (48%) in 2018. The UK has long struggled to take advantage of its relatively large supply of medical students. For almost all of the last two decades the UK has produced more medical graduates than the average OECD country.
Yet for all that time, it has also had relatively few practicing doctors. “We’ve got a leaky pipe,” says Billy Palmer. “It’s not necessarily that we’re not training enough – there’s something happening in that domestic pipeline.” Those issues with career progression, combined with issues around pay and working conditions, are making it difficult for the NHS to retain staff.
That, in turn, is hampering the health service’s efforts to meet its ambitious recruitment targets. The health service has expanded its workforce by 179,000 in the last four years, but growing demand for staff means that vacancies are rising, not falling. Billy Palmer says that the NHS has been trying to expand its workforce rapidly in order to boost capacity and reduce waiting lists.
“It’s partly about the amount of activity they’ve got to get through. They’ve got a pretty eye-watering backlog facing them. “There’s ambitions to get levels of output to 30% above pre-pandemic levels. Well, how do you go about getting to that? You probably need something like 30% more staff available.” The NHS remains far from meeting that target, and is only just now returning to pre-pandemic levels of elective activity.
- Meeting the target is likely to require even more hiring over the coming years.
- That’s likely to require more funding, but money isn’t the only obstacle.
- You’ve got capacity constraints all along the recruitment path,” Billy Palmer says.
- In the education system you need to have classrooms, supervisors, lecturers, accommodation.
You also need to have placements in the services. If you’ve got staff in hospitals working flat out, it’s difficult to get them to scale up training.” For experienced nurses like Linda Tovey, higher turnover means more time devoted to training new recruits, adding to the stresses that have been causing the retention crisis in the first place.
- Strikes feel like “the only way to be heard”
- Disputes over pay and working conditions have led to a historic winter of industrial action by NHS staff, including the first-ever strike by the Royal College of Nursing.
- Data from NHS England shows that the strikes have resulted in the cancellation of 92,000 appointments since December.
Earlier this month, nearly 50,000 appointments were cancelled in just two days as nurses staged two 12-hour walkouts. The Royal College of Nursing is now preparing to stage its first-ever 48-hour walk-out, from 1 to 3 March. Kafeelat Adekunle says she joined her local nurses’ strike committee because industrial action feels like “the only way to be heard.” “It’s not just the pay, it’s the conditions in which we’re working.
The government needs to come and shadow some of us. They don’t know what’s happening. They don’t know what we’re going through. “It’s heartbreaking seeing my profession going down the drain. I’ve been a nurse forever and I want to be that until I retire. “We want to do our job, we want to do it right. We want to see our patients, we want to see them well.
We want to take care of them. But everyone is exhausted.” The team is a multi-skilled unit dedicated to providing transparent journalism from Sky News. We gather, analyse and visualise data to tell data-driven stories. We combine traditional reporting skills with advanced analysis of satellite images, social media and other open source information.
What is staff burnout NHS?
NHS staff burnout highlights desperate need for workforce plan to focus on retention and wellbeing Unfortunately, your browser is too old to work on this website. Please upgrade your browser
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Commenting on today’s NHS Staff Survey results and the latest NHS monthly performance statistics,, Senior Policy Fellow said: “Findings from today’s NHS staff survey suggest that many working in the NHS are burnt out and feel unable to do their jobs properly due to staff shortages.
- Working in an environment of constant and unrelenting pressure has unsurprisingly taken its toll on staff wellbeing.
- This is also illustrated through the latest NHS performance statistics where A&E pressures in particular show little sign of abating, highlighting the strain felt across health and social care services.
“Only a quarter of the NHS workforce say there are enough staff to do their jobs properly and a third feel burnt out. Increasingly, staff say they’re unhappy with the standard of patient care and feel they lack the resources they need to do their job.
Dissatisfaction with pay is also a key issue, and around a third of staff say they often think about leaving. There are also worrying findings of increasing levels of discrimination experienced by staff from black and ethnic minority groups. These results show that the forthcoming NHS workforce plan must focus on retention as much as recruitment by making the NHS a better place to work and a more attractive employer.
“There is no national survey of social care staff, but the NHS and social care workforces are closely entwined and both have severe staff shortages. Alongside the plan for the NHS, a workforce plan for social care is long overdue.”
Is UK still recruiting healthcare workers?
FULL LIST: UK stops recruiting healthcare workers from Nigeria, 53 others
- The United Kingdom has placed Nigeria and 53 other countries on the red list of countries that should not be actively targeted for recruitment by health and social care employers.
- The announcement was contained in the revised code of practice for the international recruitment of health and social care personnel in England.
- It is recommended that employers, recruitment organisations, agencies, collaborations, and contracting bodies check the red country list for updates before any recruitment drive.
It defined active international recruitment in the code as the process by which UK health and social care employers (including local authorities), contracting bodies, recruitment organisations, agencies, collaborations, and sub-contractors target individuals to market UK employment opportunities, with the intention of recruiting to a role in the UK health or social care sector.
- The code of practice applies to the appointment of all international health and social care personnel in the UK, including all permanent, temporary, and locum staff in clinical and non-clinical settings.
- This includes but is not limited to allied health professionals, care workers, dentists, doctors, healthcare scientists, medical staff, midwives, nursing staff, residential and domiciliary care workers, social workers, and support staff.
- Recall that in 2021, the UK suspended the recruitment of healthcare workers from Nigeria and 46 other countries, noting that the increasing scale of health and social care worker migration from low and lower-middle-income countries threatens the achievement of their nation’s health and social care goals.
- The WHO on March 8, 2023, listed Nigeria and other 54 countries as facing the most pressing health workforce challenges related to universal health coverage.
- The red and amber country list does not, however, prevent individual health and social care personnel resident in countries on the list from making a direct application to health and social care employers, but rather without being targeted by a third party, such as a recruitment organisation, agency or recruitment collaboration.
- The PUNCH reports that there are currently 11,055 Nigerian-trained doctors in the UK, based on statistics obtained from the UK General Medical Council, the government body that maintains the official register of medical practitioners.
- Nigeria has the third highest number of foreign doctors working in the UK after India, and Pakistan.
- The UK, however, in its revised code of practice said the health and social care organisations in England do not actively recruit from those countries the WHO recognises as having the most pressing health and care workforce-related challenges unless there is a government-to-government agreement to support managed recruitment activities.
- The countries placed on the red list of ‘No active recruitment’ in alphabetical order are Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia.
- Other countries are Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Federated States of Micronesia, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Samoa, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Republic of Yemen, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
: FULL LIST: UK stops recruiting healthcare workers from Nigeria, 53 others
What is the effect of shortage of staff in an organization?
Staff shortage and organisational performance When there is a shortage of staff the responsibilities and workloads of existing staff members increase, which leads to mistakes and other inefficiencies, and negatively effects individual performance, client care, and ultimately organisational performance.
What is the issue of understaffed?
Lost Businesss –
An understaffed business misses growth opportunities because it lacks the capacity to meet customer needs. If a business takes on new clients or products and can’t deliver the goods or services, it can lose the business and damage its reputation in the industry. Lost business means lost revenue and growth into new markets. A business should weigh the cost of an employee against the amount of revenue generated by that employee’s contribution to the organization. Adding another employee at $30,000 a year may seem like a lot of overhead, but the expense could be outweighed by the value of increased business capability.
What is another word for shortage of staff?
Understaffed Add to list Share. When a business doesn’t have quite enough employees, it is understaffed.
What is the quickest way to solve a shortage?
What is the quickest way to solve a shortage? Raise the price of the good. What is the quickest way to eliminate a surplus? Reduce the price of the good.
What are the three main causes of shortage?
What is a shortage? – In economic terms, shortages occur when the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied. To be at market equilibrium, the quantity supplied must match the quantity demanded, so when this is not the case, it either results in a surplus or a shortage.
- In economics, there are three main reasons or causes of shortages—an increase in demand, a decrease in supply, or government intervention (price ceilings for example).
- The graphs below illustrate these concepts.
- Demand slopes downward for a normal good because as the price increases, the demand for the product decreases.
The opposite is true for supply, as the price increases suppliers want to produce and sell more. As the price changes, supply and demand move along their respective curves.
Manufacturers think of shortages more as the actual lack of a part or product. Examples such as the or the infamous toilet paper shortage of 2020 continue to pop up in the post-pandemic supply chain. Shortages also occur in the service industry, like the much-discussed,
What exactly causes the shortage?
A shortage is a condition where the quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied at the market price. There are three main causes of shortage— increase in demand, decrease in supply, and government intervention. Shortage, as it is used in economics, should not be confused with ‘scarcity.’
How do you solve for supply?
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) – What is the relationship between price and quantity supplied? According to economists, there is a positive relationship between price and the quantity supplied in accordance with the law of supply. It is possible because a higher price leads to higher quantity supply, and a lower price leads to lower quantity supply.
It happens only when other factors affecting supplies do not change. What changes quantity supplied? Demand changes quantity supplied. A movement along the supply curve due to the price variation changes it. Any factor besides price change leads to a change of movement of the complete supply curve, making the change in supply.
Factors such as elasticity of supply and demand, regulations by the government, and fluctuation in raw material and input cost also influence the supplied quantity. How to find quantity supplied? To find the quantity supplied – Qs, one needs the values of quantity demanded Qv and the price (P) of the individual unit ‘i’.
What helps in preventing surplus or shortage of staff?
Managing HR Surplus and Shortages During times of economic hardship or when a company adopts more efficient processes, a business can find itself with workers who do not have enough work to do. Called a labor surplus, this circumstance of having too many available worker hours is not ideal.
- It is costly when a business has idle employees to whom they must pay salaries and benefits.
- Handling a labor surplus is tricky, but some solutions can help in the short and long term.
- Labor Surplus Basics While a labor shortage is a challenging problem, a labor surplus can be equally difficult to manage.
Perhaps your business recently implemented new policies or processes that made work more efficient, and now your company employs too many workers for the jobs you need to have done. In this situation, laying off your skilled workers is not your only option.
- Available alternatives are worth considering, particularly if your business plans to branch out and accelerate growth in other areas.
- Perhaps business has dried up due to an economic downturn or changing trends that affect your industry.
- In this situation, where the prospects of profitability for your company are dim, you might choose to handle your labor surplus differently from the first scenario.
If it doesn’t seem like work is coming back anytime soon, it isn’t prudent to keep on employees who don’t have enough work to do and can’t drive profits. Ways to Handle a Labor Surplus The path your business chooses to handle a labor surplus depends on your current financial situation and corporate goals.
- If you have succeeded in implementing efficient processes or production techniques and no longer need all your factory staff, you can shift the responsibilities of some workers to a similar area to help your company grow vertically or horizontally.
- Layoffs are not your only option.
- However, if you are struggling to make payroll and there is no sign that business is going to pick up in the near future, it is probably best to let some of your staff go.
This way, your workers can collect unemployment benefits and search for new jobs to further their careers, while you maintain some profitability for the business. In any situation involving a labor surplus, don’t hire new workers. A hiring freeze is a necessary step while your company’s management team determines the best path forward.
- In addition, you should end contracts with outsourced talent and transfer those tasks to internal labor instead.
- Additional Labor Surplus Techniques Other ways to deal with a labor surplus include pay cuts and reduced working hours for your staff.
- It’s better to avoid these strategies when possible because they can lead to problems with employee morale or reduced effort by disenchanted staff.
You might also consider encouraging older employees to take early retirement. Older employees are often the highest-paid workers in a company. If early retirement is handled properly, this strategy can free up a great deal of money for your company while reducing the excess labor capabilities you have.
How do you fix a shortage and surplus?
Government Intervention – The government is sometimes involved in fixing both surpluses and shortages, but they have different methods to fix each one. To fix a surplus, the government will impose a price floor. A price floor implements a minimum price at which a product should be sold. If there is a shortage, the government will sometimes implement a price ceiling, which is a maximum price.
What is the effect of shortage of staff in an organization?
Staff shortage and organisational performance When there is a shortage of staff the responsibilities and workloads of existing staff members increase, which leads to mistakes and other inefficiencies, and negatively effects individual performance, client care, and ultimately organisational performance.