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How Has Pharmacy Changed Over Time?

How Has Pharmacy Changed Over Time
Over the course of its history, the profession of pharmacy has gradually transitioned from one that is primarily focused on drugs to one that is more centered on the needs of patients. The compounding and production of medications were activities in which pharmacists participated to a greater extent a century ago; however, in recent decades, this involvement has shrunk dramatically.

Because of this improvement in the function of the pharmacist, it is necessary for them to be a member of the larger health care team in order to work toward the aim of delivering better health care for patients and, as a result, contribute to the accomplishment of the global millennium development objectives.

To remain competitive, the function of today’s pharmacists has to be broadened to incorporate pharmaceutical care principles. This would elevate the position of the pharmacist from that of a drug salesperson in a commercial enterprise to that of a professional in the field of health care.

  1. As a result, schools of pharmacy should develop a curriculum that is capable of adapting to the shifting responsibilities of pharmacists.
  2. The education should teach students how to think critically, enhance their capacity to solve problems, and aid in the process of making decisions regarding medication.

The student should be prepared to generate, transmit, and apply new knowledge based on cutting-edge research in the pharmaceutical, social, and clinical sciences; collaborate with other health professionals and learn to enhance the quality of life through improved health for the people of local society as well as for the people in the global community; and Rational pharmacotherapy, rational use of medication, pharmacy education, and rational pharmacists are some of the keywords that may be found in this article.

How has the role of the pharmacist changed?

April 3rd, 2018, British Journal of Family Medicine Community pharmacies are evolving, and as a result, they now provide a wide range of services that relieve some of the burden placed on today’s overworked primary care physicians. Rod Tucker, a pharmacist, provides an explanation of the changes and discusses ways in which general practitioners might make the most of what they provide.

  • Rather of focusing just on filling prescriptions, today’s community pharmacies provide a vast array of other services to their customers.
  • This change from their traditional role of compounding medicines was designed to reflect the needs of a modern-day community pharmacist, who is now expected to deliver a service that is more patient-focused.

This shift from their traditional role was designed to reflect the needs of a modern-day community pharmacist. However, what factors led to this shift, and to what extent have the supposedly beneficial effects been observed in actual practice? This article gives a quick summary of the data that supports the new responsibilities that community pharmacists are playing and traces the historical development of the modern-day community pharmacist.

What is the development of pharmacy?

Pharmacy has a long and illustrious history, dating back to prehistoric times. This skill was already being done at the time when somebody first extracted juice from a succulent leaf in order to apply it to a wound. According to the Greek tale, Asclepius, the god of medicine and healing, entrusted Hygieia with the responsibility of formulating his many treatments.

She served in the capacity of apothecary or pharmacist for him. Egypt’s priest-physicians were organized into two distinct groups: those who went out to check on the ill and those who stayed in the temple to manufacture medicines for the people who needed them. In ancient Greece and Rome, as well as in Europe during the Middle Ages, the art of healing recognized a separation between the responsibilities of the physician and those of the herbalist.

The herbalist was responsible for providing the physician with the raw materials from which the physician could create medicines. However, as a result of Arabian influence in Europe around the eighth century AD, the practice of delineating the responsibilities of the pharmacist and the physician became commonplace.

The tendency toward specialization was subsequently strengthened by a legislation that was established by the city council of Bruges in 1683, which forbade physicians to manufacture remedies for their patients. This ordinance was one of the first laws to explicitly prohibit the practice of self-medication.

When Benjamin Franklin was president of the United States, he made a critical move in maintaining the separation of the two professions by appointing an apothecary to the Pennsylvania Hospital. Since the end of World War II, there has been a significant expansion in the pharmaceutical sector, which has led to the identification and use of novel and highly effective medicinal compounds.

  1. The function of the pharmacist was also altered as a result.
  2. The potential for the extemporaneous compounding of medications was significantly reduced, and along with it came a reduction in the demand for the manipulative abilities that were once utilized by the pharmacist in the manufacture of bougies, cachets, tablets, plasters, and potions.

However, the pharmacist will continue to carry out the prescriber’s instructions by giving advice and information; creating, storing, and supplying correct dosage forms; and ensuring the efficacy and quality of the medicinal product that is dispensed or provided.

What are the 4 distinct eras of a pharmacist?

1. The Opening Statements – People have been tasked with the responsibility of turning natural ingredients into medicines for as long as there has been a belief in the therapeutic potential of natural substances. This is known as the “materia medica.” However, by the 1800s, this traditionally held function of pharmacies had already begun to shift.

  1. The Industrial Revolution resulted in the widespread production of pharmaceutical items, which were formerly something that could only be produced by a pharmacist.
  2. In addition, new medications were being found that could not be easily produced from old materia medica.
  3. These medicines were proving to be rather useful.

Merchandising in pharmacies started to pick up steam at the same time as traditional compounding started to lose popularity and proprietary goods started to displace the items that the pharmacist himself used to manufacture. The deterioration of traditionally held responsibilities caused a crisis of professionalism in the American community pharmacy sector, which in turn required that sector to reconsider its function within society.

  1. In the United States, the beginning of the contemporary period of community pharmacy coincides with the emergence of this historical context.
  2. For the sake of this narrative study, the history of American community pharmacy in the contemporary age may be broken down into four time periods: 1920–1949 (the Soda Fountain Era), 1950–1979 (the Lick, Stick, Pour, and More Era), 1980–2009 (the Pharmaceutical Care Era), and 2010–present (Post-Pharmaceutical Care Era).

Throughout each of these time periods, the profession of pharmacy has grappled with the question of what exactly constitutes community pharmacy and the manner in which it contributes value to society. Despite these challenges, there has been a gradual advance toward better patient care and a higher professional standing.

What is changing in pharmacy?

The Future of Pharmacy in 2021: Emerging Trends that Will Transform an Ever-Changing Profession Diabetes Cards Cardinal Health RBC 2022 Marketing and Sales at the Front End of Eye Health Generics Immunization Influenza A Discussion Forum for Technology and Data.

What are the new roles of pharmacists today?

The medical community is looking to pharmacists for assistance in meeting value-based benchmarks. The roles that pharmacists play are evolving in the following ways as a result. As the healthcare industry shifts away from fee-for-service payments and toward value-based compensation, the scope of the pharmacist’s responsibilities is growing.

“There is a growing interest among physicians in the possibility of collaborating with pharmacists in clinical settings,” According to Susan Cantrell, RPh, CEO of the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy, “in reality, not only are they warming to it, but many physicians are carving out a pharmaceutical portion as part of their risk-sharing agreements” ( AMCP ).

Cantrell notes that although Medicare accountable care organizations (ACOS) do not directly include pharmacists and pharmaceuticals, effective medication management is essential to ensuring the success of value-based arrangements. According to her, “as a consequence of this, we are observing a trend in which physicians are attempting to merge pharmacists and drug management in order to accomplish positive results.” Managing the Dangers Involved with Medication is a Related Article According to Lucinda Maine, PhD, RPh, executive vice president and CEO of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, medication therapy management (MTM), which stands for “medication therapy management,” is one of the most significant areas in which physicians increasingly rely on pharmacists ( AACP ).

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“At a time when physicians are under increasing pressure to satisfy expectations for quality-based metrics, they are discovering that by having a pharmacist give MTM, they are able to move those quality needles.” In several instances, hospital pharmacists or pharmacists who are embedded in practices are visiting with patients prior to their appointments with physicians in order to do in-depth reviews and evaluations of their medications.

She explains that “this releases the physician from the responsibility of performing that component of the treatment plan.” “Once physicians see the value that the pharmacist brings to their practice, they don’t want to do it any other way.” As a result of their participation in drug management across the continuum of care, community pharmacists are also going through a period of transition in their roles.

Some community pharmacists are forming partnerships with hospitals in the surrounding area in order to provide patients with more in-depth counseling on their medication and adherence. According to Maine, the growing importance of pharmacy technicians and the rise of robots should make it possible for pharmacists to take on a greater share of these responsibilities.

Continue reading for more information on how the role of pharmacists is evolving in a variety of different practice settings. Pharmacy serving the community According to Marilyn Stebbins, PharmD, vice chair for clinical innovation at the University of Southern California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Pharmacy, community pharmacy is the largest area in which pharmacists can be used more effectively.

This is because of the frequent interactions that pharmacists have with patients in this setting. “Most customers go to a retail pharmacy more than 20 times a year; here is where the pharmacist’s effect is highest,” she adds. “This is where the pharmacist’s role is most visible.” Vaccinations, testing for high blood pressure, and counseling on certain disease states like diabetes are now being made available by pharmacists.

According to Stebbins, “MTM should be the focus in the retail context, and dispensing should be a secondary concern.” “By demonstrating their worth in this way, pharmacists may contribute to the improvement of patient outcomes.” Please see this related article for more information on how pharmacists and physicians may work together to improve patient care.

Community pharmacists are also experiencing a growing role as hospitals look to them as a resource to improve adherence and reduce readmissions. Readmissions are a key metric in many value-based payment arrangements, and hospitals are looking to community pharmacists as a resource to improve these metrics.

UC San Francisco’s “Meds to Beds” initiative is a good illustration of this concept. Patients are seen one last time by pharmacists from one of the two retail pharmacies located on the hospital premises before they are discharged. The pharmacists go through the patients’ discharge meds with them and then check in with them later to make sure they are taking them as prescribed.

  • Stebbins claims that the program has been successful thus far.
  • Another way in which pharmacists are broadening their skill sets is the speciality pharmacy model, which is used in both the retail sector and the hospital context.
  • According to Gary Matzke, PharmD, professor at the Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, specialty pharmacies concentrate their attention on high-risk patients who require intense monitoring and intervention.

For instance, Walgreens has pharmacies that are solely devoted to HIV and cancer. In these pharmacies, the pharmacists do in-depth assessments of the patients’ medications and work closely with the patients to ensure compliance. Matzke goes on to say that the specialist pharmacy “contracts with pharmaceutical corporations to assure the providence of product care.” Pharmacy within the health system According to the most recent data provided by the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties, there are now 3,257 qualified ambulatory care specialists among pharmacists.

  1. In terms of the number of practitioners, the speciality comes in third, after geriatric pharmacy (4,432) and pharmacotherapy (21,771).
  2. Related article: Pharmacists Need to Carve Out a New Role in Today’s Healthcare System According to Ernest Wright, senior manager of operations for BPS, ambulatory care encompasses pharmacy practice in clinical settings such as physicians’ offices, retail pharmacies, ambulatory care clinics, and pharmacies affiliated with long-term care facilities.

Ambulatory care clinics also fall under the purview of ambulatory care. Geriatric Pharmacy Specialists are another certification that the BPS offers to pharmacists who work in long-term care facilities. According to Wright, “When the ambulatory care specialty certification was originally provided in 2011, it went through a season of development and resulted in many pharmacists becoming swiftly certified.” This expansion resulted in the certification of a large number of pharmacists.

The rate of expansion has been “very stable” in recent years. As healthcare facilities like hospitals and physician offices adopt value-based business models like ACOs and Patient-Centered Medical Homes, pharmacists are also finding new responsibilities to play within these organizations ( PCMHs ). PCMHs are models of care that place the patient first and establish relationships between the patient and their healthcare team.

These models of care are becoming increasingly popular. As payers strive to reward value, the ultimate objective is to maximize positive outcomes.1 At Ohio State University (OSU), for instance, the Pharmacy Department and the Department of Family Medicine collaborated to construct prototypes of patient-centered medical home models inside of two primary care clinics that were already in operation.

  • As part of the healthcare team, the pharmacies at both Care Point Gahanna and Care Point Lewis Center are staffed with pharmacists who work in the offices of the treating physicians.
  • According to Bella Mehta, PharmD, professor of clinical pharmacy and family medicine at Ohio State University, “The pharmacists have separate visits with the patients where they acquire medication history, conduct patient interviews, make prescription changes, and request labs, if necessary.” According to Mehta, “although the first prototypes did not intend to monitor long-term clinical effects, both locations found the pharmacists to be helpful and went on to recruit full-time pharmacists.” “This is the very best praise that could be paid to you.” Automation is driving new roles for hospital pharmacists, which may be found in a related piece here.

Hospital pharmacists, clinical pharmacists, community pharmacists, and physicians from Virginia’s Carillon Clinic, which is part of a seven-hospital health system, collaborated on a project together for the purpose of improving patient care. According to Matzke, the purpose of the project titled “Improving Health of At-Risk Rural Patients” was to “improve the clinical state of the patients as well as minimize health care consumption,” such as hospitalizations and visits to emergency rooms.

  • The deployment of pharmacists in clinics located on the hospital campus is made possible with the assistance of a funding from the CMS Center for Medicare and Medication Innovation.
  • The project was carried out in conjunction with Virginia Commonwealth University by Carillon.
  • At the time of hospital release, the pharmacists working in the clinics identified patients who were considered to be at high risk, and from that point, coordination occurred between the clinic, the patient’s primary care physician, and the community pharmacist.
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Patients who had various disease conditions and were taking four or more drugs for the long term were classified as high-risk patients. Additional resources can be found in the related article “Telepharmacy: New Jobs and Expanded Opportunities.” Matzke states that there was a discernible rise in quality across all clinical and usage end points as a result of their efforts.

When the end points were analyzed, it was found that patients who participated in the study had improvements in their blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and A1c levels. “And many of the clinical results as well as the degree of hospital usage were much better in the pharmacist group than in the retrospective control group that received standard treatment,” he says.

“This was the case for both the clinical outcomes and the degree of hospital utilization.” Care for Seniors Pharmacists are applying their knowledge of medication therapy management (MTM) to enhance patient outcomes in a variety of settings, including senior care.

According to Lynette Bradley-Baker, RPh, PhD, who serves as the vice president for public affairs and engagement at the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, “With the current demographics—with the baby boomers getting older and living longer—this generation is remaining a vital active member of the community.” “As a result of this, pharmacists are being expected to give care in long-term care institutions and nursing homes,” In these types of environments, “MTM is essential to the control and treatment of chronic illness,” she explains.

By use of an electronic visit, the pharmacist at UC San Francisco’s “Care at Home” program caters to the requirements of elderly patients who are unable to leave their homes. According to Stebbins, “it is not home healthcare per such, but it does involve older, frail people who are at higher risk and who receive the majority of their healthcare in their home.” The School of Pharmacy and the School of Nursing are working together on the program in a collaborative effort.

  1. She says that a pharmacist consultation may be provided to the patient at their residence if they use videoconferencing.
  2. In addition, the pharmacist may accompany the nurse practitioner on a visit to the patient’s home in order to review the patient’s medication regimen, determine where the patient keeps their drugs, and offer advice.

Care That Is Managed According to Cantrell, in the context of managed care, an increasing number of pharmacists are participating in usage control programs designed for patients who are insured by Medicare Part D. Costs may be reduced by ensuring optimal utilization, which assists companies in reaching cost-based criteria for value-based contracts.

  • To break it down even further, pharmacists may be involved in population health management initiatives.
  • These are programs in which healthcare organizations attempt to improve outcomes and reduce costs of care associated with groups of patients who have specific disease states and demographics.
  • In addition, pharmacists may play a role in the development of these programs.

According to Cantrell, “Pharmacists are involved in examining trends, evidence, and data to select effective treatments, including drugs, or preventative practices that can promote health on a macro level among the patient population to be executed by individual doctors.” Associated article: A New Role for Pharmacists in the Era of Precision Medicine According to Cantrell, the managed care pharmacist is finding a new location in the physician’s office, in addition to giving these services in traditional managed care settings, such as ACOs.

  1. Specifically, the managed care pharmacist is finding a way to work with electronic health records.
  2. “Allows them to be visible and lets the public see how they can enhance patient care,” she adds, referring to the fact that having these pharmacists work in a doctor’s office gives them the opportunity.

Reimbursement Long before this became an issue, reimbursement for the provision of pharmaceutical services was a worry. Nevertheless, Cantrell asserts that “as the healthcare industry moves toward paying for value, we’re seeing things move in the right direction for pharmacists.” According to Stebbins, at the present time Medicare Part D does allow pharmacists to submit claims for MTM services, but doing so is not required.

  1. Contractual considerations mean that not all Medicare Part D plans enable pharmacists to participate in the billing process.
  2. However, Stebbins notes that even though California is one of the most progressive states in recognizing the value of pharmacists, “pharmacists aren’t being paid, in most cases.” This is true despite the fact that California is one of the most progressive states in recognizing the value of pharmacists.

It is necessary to figure out the different payment models. Obtaining Compensation for Your Pharmacy Services is a Related Article The Inland Empire Health Plan, which is a Medicaid managed care plan, is responsible for the creation of one of the novel payment models used in the state of California.

  1. Pharmacy professionals in the Inland Empire are now able to submit claims for medication therapy management (MTM) thanks to the establishment of a network of pharmacies in the region’s healthcare system.
  2. The pay-for-performance program conducts evaluations of pharmacies based on a set of seven quality measures and awards incentives to pharmacies that demonstrate exceptional levels of quality.2 A piece of pending legislation at the federal level would make it possible for pharmacists to submit claims for services under Medicare Part B.

According to Mehta, this change will be possible for pharmacists to implement as soon as it is given the green light. According to Matzke, there are also certain situations in which private insurance let pharmacists to bill for their services. However, he continues by saying that invoicing for services is not required in order to receive a sufficient payment.

When did the history of pharmacy being?

Primitive Man Around 2400 B.C., a clay tablet was used in Mesopotamia, which is now a part of Iraq, to write down some of the world’s earliest documented medical instructions. In this text written in Sumerian cuneiform, instructions are given for creating poultices, salves, and washes.

Wine, beer, or milk was used to dissolve the components, which included mustard, figs, myrrh, bat droppings, turtle shell powder, river silt, snakeskins, and “hair from the stomach of a cow.” The Sushrata Samhita, a classical Sanskrit text on surgery and one of three foundational texts of Ayurveda – or Indian traditional medicine – that dates back to as early as the sixth century BC, contains the earliest known record of a medicine that was compounded.

This record was found in the Sushrata Samhita. On the other hand, the beginnings of pharmacy as a way of treating human illnesses and relieving human suffering may be traced back to nearly the beginnings of mankind itself. Since the beginning of human history, we have drawn inspiration from the natural world around us in order to make use of plants as therapeutic agents.

As a result, we developed the very first medicines during the formative phases of what would later become the field of pharmacy. Society in the West A first pharmacist guild had been established in Western culture by the beginning of the 17th century, and apothecaries continued to play a crucial role as suppliers of medical treatment during this time.

Apothecaries in the United States were recognized as pharmacists two centuries later, owing to Edward Parrish, who was a member of the American Pharmaceutical Association, which was formerly known as the American Druggists Association. Up to the 1950s, pharmacists served as recognized medical practitioners in their communities, making and dispensing medications during that time period.

  1. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 was amended in 1951 by the Durham-Humphrey Bill, which resulted in a shift in the responsibilities of the profession of pharmacy.
  2. They started concentrating more on filling prescriptions and making sure their products were safe to use after they were told they could only recommend over-the-counter medications.
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In the 1980s, a movement was started to expand the role that pharmacists played in clinical settings. By 2003, with the passage of the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act, pharmacists were given greater opportunities to counsel patients on both over-the-counter and prescription medications.

What does the pharmacy profession look like today?

What Pharmacists Do Regarding this Section – Before a completed prescription is provided to a client, the pharmacist checks the prescription to ensure that it was filled correctly. Patients can get their prescription drugs from pharmacists, and they also provide patients with advice on how to make safe use of the medications.

How has the field of pharmacy changed over the last 100 years?

Over the course of its history, the profession of pharmacy has gradually transitioned from one that is primarily focused on drugs to one that is more centered on the needs of patients. The compounding and production of medications were activities in which pharmacists participated to a greater extent a century ago; however, in recent decades, this involvement has shrunk dramatically.

Because of this improvement in the function of the pharmacist, it is necessary for them to be a member of the larger health care team in order to work toward the aim of delivering better health care for patients and, as a result, contribute to the accomplishment of the global millennium development objectives.

To remain competitive, the function of today’s pharmacists has to be broadened to incorporate pharmaceutical care principles. This would elevate the position of the pharmacist from that of a drug salesperson in a commercial enterprise to that of a professional in the field of health care.

  • As a result, schools of pharmacy should develop a curriculum that is capable of adapting to the shifting responsibilities of pharmacists.
  • The education should teach students how to think critically, enhance their capacity to solve problems, and aid in the process of making decisions regarding medication.

The student should be prepared to generate, transmit, and apply new knowledge based on cutting-edge research in the pharmaceutical, social, and clinical sciences; collaborate with other health professionals and learn to enhance the quality of life through improved health for the people of local society as well as for the people in the global community; and Rational pharmacotherapy, rational use of medication, pharmacy education, and rational pharmacists are some of the keywords that may be found in this article.

What is the most significant pharmacy related event in modern history?

In 1928, Alexander Fleming made the discovery that led to the development of penicillin. This is one of the more notable historical events that occurred in the field of pharmacy. It is significant that penicillin was discovered since this antibiotic is used to treat a wide variety of infections, including those that affect the skin, the teeth, and the ears, among others.

What is the growth potential for a pharmacist?

Employment Forecasts – It is anticipated that the number of pharmacists in the state of California will rise at a pace that is lower than the average growth rate for all occupations. Between the years 2018 and 2028, the number of employment available for pharmacists is projected to grow by 6.0 percent, or 2,000 positions.

Estimated Employment and Projected Growth Pharmacists
Geographic Area (Estimated Year-Projected Year) Estimated Employment Projected Employment Numeric Change Percent Change Total Job Openings
California (2018-2028) 33,300 35,300 2,000 6.0 17,420
Ventura County (2018-2028) 460 500 40 8.7 250
Source: EDD/LMID Projections of Employment by Occupation
View Projected Growth for All Areas

How will pharmacist change in the future?

The environment in which a pharmacist works is undergoing significant and fast change. It is affected by the science that underpins the production and distribution of medications, as well as by shifting demographics and the requirements placed on the personnel in the healthcare industry.

  1. A pharmacist, like other medical professionals, will serve several functions in the healthcare system.
  2. This includes professions that interact directly with patients (either in the community or in hospitals), as well as positions in medical creation, scientific research, and leadership.
  3. The person at the center of the pharmacist’s focus should be the patient or the general public at large, regardless of the setting in which they operate or the field in which they specialize.

The mission of the Pharmacy Schools Council is to interpret changes in the environment of the profession, namely in the science of medicine and illness, and to guarantee that those who will become pharmacists in the future are prepared for such changes.

  1. The ideal pharmacist will be able to: Offer high-quality medical treatment while taking the initiative in clinical encounters with patients and in choices concerning the patient’s care.
  2. Take the lead in the research and development of novel medications, as well as their approval, distribution, and optimum usage, while compiling and using the most credible evidence available.

Be the pharmaceutical and medicines scientist within the multidisciplinary clinical team with the knowledge and skills surrounding medicines and their usage, in order to serve as the focal point for information and evidence in support of choices about medicines.

It is important to have a primary care and public health function in order to cut down on referrals to general practices, readmissions to hospitals, and referrals to secondary care. This is accomplished by their capabilities, knowledge, and competence in patient consultation, as well as through their involvement in the multidisciplinary teams in which they participate.

Provide guidance to other medical professionals, such as physicians, in difficult situations of diagnosis, when first treatment with medication is unsuccessful, and when new treatment options become available. Participate actively in the process of prescription medications and in the education of other prescribers.

  1. Be acknowledged for the advanced degree that they have obtained (a Master’s), as well as their continued professional growth and high level of digital literacy.
  2. Be acknowledged in workforce planning for their contributions and abilities, as well as the beneficial and cost-effective influence they have on the provision of healthcare and the economics around medications.

Be recognized as a patient-focused leader of pharmaceutical research, drug development, and the introduction of novel medicines to patients within the pharmaceutical industry, allied scientific fields, and the worldwide regulatory governance of medicines.

What is the growth potential for a pharmacist?

Employment Forecasts – It is anticipated that the number of pharmacists in the state of California will rise at a pace that is lower than the average growth rate for all occupations. Between the years 2018 and 2028, the number of employment available for pharmacists is projected to grow by 6.0 percent, or 2,000 positions.

Estimated Employment and Projected Growth Pharmacists
Geographic Area (Estimated Year-Projected Year) Estimated Employment Projected Employment Numeric Change Percent Change Total Job Openings
California (2018-2028) 33,300 35,300 2,000 6.0 17,420
Ventura County (2018-2028) 460 500 40 8.7 250
Source: EDD/LMID Projections of Employment by Occupation
View Projected Growth for All Areas
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